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• eBook-Kapitel aus dem Buch Accounting Fraud

  Case 22: Symbol Technologies (2004)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 144 Case 22: Symbol Technologies (2004) To the outside world, Symbol Technologies, Inc. was an icon of… …Holtsville, New York-based com- pany was more fittingly viewed as a classic case study in accounting fraud. “This was a veritable playbook of corporate… …fraud,” the chief prosecutor, Roslynn R. Mauskopf, said. “They cooked the books every which way they could. The execu- tive misconduct was breathtaking in… …its scope.” The investigation of fraud at Symbol began in April 2001 with an anonymous letter sent to the SEC. The letter described two specific… …charged 11 former Symbol executives with securities fraud. According to the Commission, the wide-ranging deception ran from at least 1998 until early… …, they were induced to place orders by the following common features of the “Frank spe- cials” (see SEC 2004): Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies… …manipulating raw data to match the forecasts given to analysts. Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 146 Cookie jar reserves Company executives also… …picked” from a 30-day “look-back period” so as to reduce the cost of the exercise to the executives. Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 147… …In addition to committing fraud, some of the executives engaged in efforts to cover up the misconduct and to impede the SEC’s investigation as well as… …sanitize” key portions of schedules that they intended to provide to the investigators. The fraud at Symbol was orchestrated by CEO Tomo Razmilovic…

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  Case 29: Infomatec (Germany, 2000)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Accounting Fraud in European Companies 177 Case 29: Infomatec (Germany, 2000) Infomatec, an Augsburg-based maker of interactive TV… …, Infomatec was a darling of Ger- many’s “Neuer Markt”. However, first came euphoria, then came fear, and finally, fraud. The founders of Infomatec, Gerhard… …Harlos and Alexander Haefele, were among the first board members of a corporation from the Neuer Markt to be arrested for allegations of fraud… …information. Accounting Fraud in European Companies 178 Although there were many attempts by single investors to sue Infomatec and the… …suspicion of insider trading and stock price fraud. Haefele received a jail term of two years and nine months, and Harlos was given a two years suspended… …close down in September 2002. Accounting Fraud in European Companies 179 The famous “Infomatec decisions” of the BGH constituted the beginning…

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  Case 27: Flowtex (Germany, 2000)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Accounting Fraud in European Companies 169 Case 27: Flowtex (Germany, 2000) The allegedly biggest case of accounting fraud in post-war… …Germany reached a cli- max when the managers of “Flowtex Technologie GmbH & Co. KG” received jail terms of up to 12 years after being convicted of fraud… …executives to live luxurious lives, involving grand houses, chalets, yachts, private jets, and valuable paintings. The fraud was “of a scope without… …digging up road surfaces. In sale-and-lease-back transactions, the drilling machines were re-leased from over 60 leasing companies. The fraud was quite… …of Flowtex, referred to as “service partners”) until there were apparently some 3,400 machines on the company’s books. Once the fraud started, the… …documentation for the individual machines were changed, so that everything seemed to be in order. The classic signs of fraud had been apparent for some time… …line and refused to have anything to do with the company in the future. Accounting Fraud in European Companies 170 The number of leased… …so-called “whistleblower”) had exposed the fraud, because he alleg- edly wanted to warn investors. Shortly afterwards, the Flowtex group collapsed; Manfred… …Schmider, chief executive, and his deputy, Dr. Klaus Kleiser, were ar- rested and charged with fraud. Schmider and Kleiser had concluded 3,411 leasing… …Schmider and Kleiser, Accounting Fraud in European Companies 171 the two company directors, were courted by politicians of all parties as model…

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  Case 9: Cendant/CUC (1998)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 66 Case 9: Cendant/CUC (1998) The Cendant Corporation was formed in December 1997 by a merger of two com-… …creation of Cendant, a significant accounting fraud came to light at the CUC division. Before Enron, the case was considered the biggest accounting fraud… …ever. From its beginnings in 1983, the fraud was directed by Walter A. Forbes, CUC’s chairman and CEO, and his top lieutenant, E. Kirk Shelton, CUC’s… …president and COO. Commenting on the fraud, one FBI agent said: “Some people have referred to this as a case of earnings management. But this is an attempt… …Street analysts expected. In the earlier years, however, an important part of the fraud was improper revenue and expense recognition. CUC stated that its… …totally fictitious, including, for exam- ple, USD 500 million over the three-year period from fiscal 1995 to 1997. One fraud investigator commented: “It… …extended amortization periods. By shifting current expenses to a later period, the company further inflated its reported earnings. Accounting Fraud in… …U.S. Companies 67 In later years, the fraud extended well beyond improper revenue and expense rec- ognition practices. As time went on and… …improperly charged asset write-offs and other operating expenses against these acquisition reserves. By far, the largest part of the CUC fraud came from… …had been created, Forbes and Shelton congratulated each other on being masterful “financial engineers” who had been able to nurture the fraud through…

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  Terminologische Abgrenzungen und relevante Grundlagen

  Dr. Corinna Boecker

  …untersuchenden Thematik Ac- counting Fraud sind zu Beginn die Erläuterung und Präzisierung wesentlicher Begriffe erforderlich. Hierzu gilt es zunächst, den in… …Fachliteratur und Praxis nicht immer einheitlich verwendeten Begriff ‚Fraud’ und daran anschließend den Terminus ‚Accounting Fraud’ zu definieren25. Dies… …geschieht nicht zuletzt auch anhand von tatsächlich aufgetretenen Beispielfällen26. Nachdem das Thema Fraud insbesondere in den letzten Jahren aufgrund… …Fraud in das Spannungsfeld zwischen Revisi- on und Corporate Governance. 2.2 Begriff und Charakteristika von Accounting Fraud 2.2.1 Begriffsbestimmung… …und -abgrenzung Die Begriffsdefinition von Fraud erfolgt für Zwecke dieser Arbeit in Anleh- nung an die Terminologie des IDW, welches in seinem… …ebenfalls zu falschen An- gaben in der Rechnungslegung führt, sind die Verstöße, die in der englischen Terminologie als ‚Fraud’ bezeichnet werden. Sie werden… …Rechnungslegung zugrunde liegende Mengen- als auch Wertgerüst beziehen. Diese Form von Fraud kann durch die gesetzlichen Vertreter, Aufsichtsorgane… …den Lagebericht47 zu verdecken48. Fraud auf dieser Ebene des Unternehmens wird auch als Top-Management Fraud bezeichnet49. Mitarbeitern unterer… …gemeint. 48 Vgl. Warncke, Markus (Zusammenarbeit 2005), S. 184; O’Gara, John D. (Corporate Fraud 2004), S. 95; zu einem Beispiel siehe Wells, Joseph T… …. (Padding 2003), S. 67 ff.; Bantleon, Ulrich/Thomann, Detlef (Fraud 2006), S. 1717. 49 Vgl. zu dieser Thematik und den diesbezüglichen Anforderungen an…

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  Case 30: Lernout & Hauspie Speech Products (Belgium, 2000)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Accounting Fraud in European Companies 180 Case 30: Lernout & Hauspie Speech Products (Belgium, 2000) In 2007, ten years after Jo Lernout and… …hundreds of disgruntled investors who lined up for the opening of the nation’s biggest fraud trial, seeking to get their money back. “Lernout & Hauspie… …of sophistication of the fraud and the amount of imagination that went into it”. Speaking at a news conference in Brussels, he said the fraud… …, revenue quadrupled to Accounting Fraud in European Companies 181 USD 31 million. In 1998, revenue mushroomed to USD 212 million, more than… …½ years because of “errors and irregularities”, a term that in accounting literature often signifies fraud. Jo Lernout and Pol Hauspie, the… …, the company voluntarily de-listed from the EASDAQ. In April 2001, L&H announced that a new probe of its operations found massive fraud. The probe… …of undisclosed and deceptive transactions to inflate reported revenue and, consequently, the stock price. Accounting Fraud in European Companies… …false impression of exponential growth. The LDCs had Accounting Fraud in European Companies 183 few, if any, employees, and were dependent upon… …of fraud. The revelations eventually led to an investigation by the American watchdog SEC. The Flanders Language Valley Fund N.V. Over the… …, recorded USD 160 million on June 30, 2000. L&H seemed to have cracked the Korean market. CEO Gaston Accounting Fraud in European Companies 184…

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  Fazit und Ergebniszusammenfassung

  Dr. Corinna Boecker

  …. Accounting Fraud ist eine Unterkategorie davon, die in der jüngeren Vergangenheit – nicht zuletzt ob bekannt gewordener Bilanzskandale in den USA und in… …Forschungsleistung. Als Accounting Fraud werden in dieser Arbeit Ver- stöße i.S.d. IDW PS 210 bezeichnet, also beabsichtigte falsche Angaben in der Rechnungslegung… …. 2. Das Auftreten von Accounting Fraud ist regelmäßig an das Vorliegen von drei Voraussetzungen gebunden, die im Schrifttum als Fraud Triangle be-… …ermöglicht, ihre Tat zu begehen. Erlaubt die persönliche Einstel- lung eines Täters ihm, den Accounting Fraud tatsächlich zu begehen, ist das Kriterium der… …Gesellschaft bzw. des Konzerns, wie die in der Arbeit angeführten Beispiele zeigen. Sind börsennotierte Unter- nehmen von Accounting Fraud betroffen… …Schadens durch Accounting Fraud für Unternehmen und Wirtschaft – auch wegen des verloren gegan- genen Vertrauens in die Kapitalmärkte – sah sich der… …. 5. Zur Bestimmung von Accounting Fraud ist die Frage zu klären, inwieweit von einer den Rechnungslegungsnormen genügenden und damit zulässigen… …Verhältnisses von Bilanzpolitik und Accounting Fraud hat ge- zeigt, dass zwischen beiden Bereichen nicht immer eine eindeutige Trenn- linie gezogen werden kann… …im Einzelfall fließend sein kann. In dieser Grauzone zwischen legaler Bilanzpolitik und illegalem Ac- counting Fraud ist es u.U. schwierig… …, Sachverhalte als eindeutig zu der ein oder anderen Seite zugehörig zu klassifizieren. 6. Accounting Fraud ist stets in mehrfacher Hinsicht mit negativen…

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  Case 12: Enron (2001)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 80 Case 12: Enron (2001) Perhaps more than any other company facing scandal in recent years, Enron stands… …out as the poster child for corporate fraud. The crimes of Enron’s top executives resonated the most in the public mind, and the company’s name has… …become synonymous with corporate malfeasance. However, compared to other accounting frauds, the Enron fraud was very complicated; it involved many… …reports. They didn’t have to lie. All they had to do was to obfuscate it with sheer complexity – although they lied, too.” The impact of the fraud was… …since October 1929”. Besides, the fraud ushered in a wave of prosecutions against white-collar crime at the highest levels of American business, and it… …U.S. Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 81 borders; “Enron International”, a wholly owned subsidiary, was created to manage energy assets… …resigned, citing “personal reasons” (August 14); he was replaced once again by Kenneth Lay. Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 82 - Sherron Watkins… …transactions that involved setting up complex special purpose entities. Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 83 Enron’s financial reporting (I)… …Fraud in U.S. Companies 84 forward markets in the services Enron promised to provide; extremely optimistic numbers were simply conjured up out of… …structure in order to create false profits, to hide losses and to understate liabilities. It may be helpful Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 85…

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  Case 11: American Tissue (2001)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 75 Case 11: American Tissue (2001) Mehdi Gabayzadeh may not be as familiar a name as Adelphia founder… …. district attorney said, noting that the fraud cost lenders and bondholders about USD 300 million, and ultimately cost 2,700 employees their jobs. In… …ran into all sorts of obstacles) commented: “The more we investigated, the more fraud we uncovered.” American Tissue was founded in 1981 by two… …the books – in what the indictment later said was a futile effort to gain new Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 76 financing, even as it was… …, the affiliated companies, together with Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 77 the Gabayzadeh and Elghanayan families, owed American Tissue… …. In July 2001, the fraud was uncovered when it was figured out that the numbers at American Tissue didn’t add up. Two months later, the company… …and otherwise helped American Tissue destroy records that might have supported accusations of accounting fraud. “The paper trail of phony sales… …transactions, bogus supporting Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 78 documentation, and numerous accounting irregularities ended quite literally with… …defunct, gained notoriety for helping Enron cover up fraud. Gabayzadeh was accused of stealing nearly USD 300 million from banks, financial… …in the indictments, Gabayzadeh was convicted of spearheading a USD 300 million fraud. His sentencing was delayed several times because his attorneys…

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  Case 34: Royal Ahold (The Netherlands, 2003)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Accounting Fraud in European Companies 199 Case 34: Royal Ahold (The Netherlands, 2003) By the late 1990s, Royal Ahold N.V. ranked among… …have operated continuously (and honourably) for 100 years. However, shortly after the turn of the century, a case of Enron-style accounting fraud… …Amsterdam. “So many things have happened in the United States, but this is the first really large-scale fraud case we’ve seen on this side of the ocean.”… …goals ultimately became unreachable. Accounting Fraud in European Companies 200 In 2002, Ahold faced trouble in Latin America: operating… …Michiel Meurs, each of whom had been implicated in the accounting fraud. Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s slashed Ahold’s credit rating, and the… …retailer announced that the fraud was much more extensive than previously thought. Ahold said that the American subsidiary’s earnings had been overstated… …certain foreign joint ventures through fraudulent side letters. Accounting Fraud in European Companies 201 The earnings fraud at U.S… …confirmation letters were often inflated by millions of dollars and by more than Accounting Fraud in European Companies 202 100%. In most of the cases… …confirmation process at USF was systematically corrupted in order to help keep the fraud from being discovered. The SEC complaint alleged that USF… …by the SEC with aiding and abetting the fraud. Scott Friestad, associate director of the Commission’s division of enforcement, commented: “These…

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