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• eBook-Kapitel aus dem Buch Accounting Fraud

  Case 21: HealthSouth (2003)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 138 Case 21: HealthSouth (2003) In 2002, WorldCom, Tyco, Adelphia and several other U.S. companies joined… …2003, the SEC charged HealthSouth and its founder, chairman and CEO, Richard M. Scrushy, with accounting fraud. SEC director of enforcement Stephen… …revenues to derive net Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 139 revenues, which were disclosed on the periodic reports filed with the SEC. Because… …PricewaterhouseCoopers found additional fraud and concluded that HealthSouth’s cumulative earnings were overstated by at least USD 3.8 billion. PwC’s post-mortem report… …forensic experts (brought in by HealthSouth’s law firm to unravel the scheme) described the recipe for the fraud as follows: take legitimate numbers… …“Transmittal 1753”) for reduced future earnings. Transmittal 1753 Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 140 required certain healthcare providers to bill… …, the fraud’s impact was greater than USD 4 billion. But the fraud didn’t end there. In late 2003, federal law enforcement officials began to… …investigate Medicare fraud at HealthSouth, after a Texas jury had awarded USD 1.5 million in damages to the former medical director of a Houston hospital, Dr… …belonged in a psychiatric facility, not a rehab facility, but we had a bed available and we were encouraged to take them.” “In this sea of fraud, is it… …they exercise their fiduciary duty and responsibility to sharehold- ers?” However, the auditors, Ernst & Young, disavowed knowledge of the fraud…

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  Case 1: McKesson & Robbins (1938)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …25 Chapter 2: Cases of Accounting Fraud 2.1 Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies Case 1: McKesson & Robbins (1938) “Like a torrent of… …accounting scandals. The preceding paragraph was published in February 1939 in the wake of the infa- mous accounting fraud at McKesson & Robbins, Inc. Unknown… …December 31, 1937. The mastermind of the fraud was Philip Musica. Born to poor Italian immigrants, he was raised in poverty in the streets of… …society. Philip Musica’s criminal career began early. By his 30th birthday, he had been con- victed of fraud twice. The first conviction was for… …bootleg- Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 26 gers who bought huge quantities of the company’s products and distilled out the alcohol to make booze… …thing. The fraud centred on the company’s crude drug division: unlike the rest of the company, only Musica and his three younger brothers had access to… …among themselves with Philip Musica, the oldest brother, getting the largest share. The fraud was not discovered until late 1938 when McKesson &… …obtained copies Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 27 of the Dunn & Bradstreet credit reports that had been used to satisfy McKesson & Robbins’… …circumstances of the McKesson & Robbins case gave the fraud much publicity. Hollywood set to work on a Musica movie. However, the scandal also led to major… …corporate governance and auditing reforms. Within months of the discov- ery of the fraud, a special committee of the AICPA recommended significant changes to…

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  Case 40: Kanebo (Japan, 2005)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 236 Case 40: Kanebo (Japan, 2005) By the late 1990s, Kanebo Ltd. ranked among Japan’s largest public… …crisis” in the United States. Japan’s business press quickly referred to the Kanebo fraud as “Japan’s Enron”. In March 2006, Takashi Hoashi pleaded… …learned of this scheme from reading the published reports of the Enron fraud.) When the executives were no longer able to sustain the scam in 2005, they… …announced that an internal inquiry had found “instances of accounting fraud” in the past. Finally, they admitted overstating oper- ating results by… …charged in connection with the Kanebo fraud admitted helping the company to hide losses. They had pointed out irregularities, but no Accounting… …Fraud in Asian Companies 237 demand had been made to have Kanebo’s statements corrected, resulting in an audit approval. According to the… …company’s poor financial health (the three defendants never admitted as much, though). During trial, the auditors testified that shortly before the fraud… …prevent the fraud was a consequence of “serious deficiencies” in its internal controls. As a result of inspect- ing Chuo Aoyama, the firm-wide management… …. Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 238 As well as causing an exodus of audit clients, the punishment of Chuo Aoyama also helped to fuel extreme… …that it was also Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 239 “unprecedentedly cleverly devised”. Despite these remarks, he handed suspended…

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• eBook-Kapitel aus dem Buch Digitale Datenanalyse, Interne Revision und Wirtschaftsprüfung

  Digitale Analyse von Finanzdaten

  Thomas Keller

  …, um Risiken und Fraud effektiv aufzude- cken. Doch die aktuelle Diskussion zur Mitarbeiterüberwachung zeigt auch, wie sensibel die Unternehmen bei dem…
• eBook-Kapitel aus dem Buch Accounting Fraud

  Case 38: Daewoo Group (South Korea, 1999)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …226 2.3 Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies Case 38: Daewoo Group (South Korea, 1999) At the end of 1999, the Daewoo Group, one of… …the largest conglomerates in the world, collapsed in a spectacular fashion. The accounting fraud that was uncovered was described as one of the… …. The lending Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 227 banks maintained rather lax standards, focusing on revenues and sales volume, instead… …“rags-to-riches” founder of Daewoo Group ended in a big corporate fraud scandal. Although the government prosecutor’s office released only scant details, it… …accounting fraud in a variety of ways. However, a substan- tial degree of the fraud occurred through asset swaps among Daewoo subsidiaries. One subsidiary… …illegitimately propped up Daewoo’s failing companies. Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 228 Cover-ups of failed ventures When, e.g., Daewoo… …Motor attempted to cover up its failed USD 200 million investment in a car plant in Ukraine, the fraud bordered on the farcical. Daewoo Motor (the… …accounting fraud. Daewoo companies with questionable credit status would issue new stock that the overseas institutions would acquire, technically as equity… …for personal enrichment by Kim and senior Daewoo managers. Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 229 Daewoo was not an isolated incident; a… …number of Korean firms found themselves in the spotlight over accounting fraud and embezzlement at the time of the Asian financial turmoil. In Korea, a…

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  Case 20: AOL Time Warner (2002)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 133 Case 20: AOL Time Warner (2002) AOL Time Warner Inc. was formed by the merger of AOL and Time Warner… …started to flatten. It was during this period that AOL engaged in accounting fraud to mask the fact that it was also beginning to experience a rapid… …transactions”, in which AOL and its counterparties falsely created and reported revenue Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 134 In September 2000, for… …parties it referred to PurchasePro entered into commercial arrangements with this company. AOL essentially paid third parties to Accounting Fraud in… …flow as well as under- statements of total debt). Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 136 The accounting irregularities at AOL occurred before… …consequence of the fraud), the merged company dropped “AOL” from its corporate name. The move was widely seen as an admission that the 2001 merger had failed… …. In December 2004, Time Warner agreed to pay the U.S. Department of Justice USD 210 million, in order to settle criminal fraud charges related to AOL… …. How- ever, it did not admit any fault. In March 2005, Time Warner announced a separate USD 300 million settlement of civil fraud charges filed by the… …to US-GAAP. In August 2005, Time Warner reached a USD 2.5 billion settlement to securities fraud litigation. The money was paid to shareholders… …fraud class-action settlements ever. Obviously, Time Warner was eager to get the AOL affair behind it. Time Warner chairman and chief executive Richard…

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  Case 31: Bankgesellschaft Berlin (Germany, 2001)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Accounting Fraud in European Companies 186 Case 31: Bankgesellschaft Berlin (Germany, 2001) It is a spectacular tale of incompetence… …, nepotism, corruption and accounting fraud that pushed one of Germany’s biggest banks to the brink of collapse. The news magazine Der Spiegel spoke of the… …million) was also expressly dispensed with. Accounting Fraud in European Companies 187 Later, investigations revealed that Berlin Hyp chairman… …said that it had been obliged to set aside over EUR 2 billion in provisions. About half the provisions were to cover Accounting Fraud in European… …in damages from BDO. Accounting Fraud in European Companies 189 The Walther report could have stopped the shenanigans years ago. But BDO… …weaknesses in the German system, Newsweek International, June 7, 2004 Bankgesellschaft fraud trial opens, Financial Times, July 29, 2005…

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  Case 41: Livedoor (Japan, 2006)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 240 Case 41: Livedoor (Japan, 2006) The Livedoor saga is probably one of the most eye-catching episodes… …accounting fraud; prosecutors depicted him as a greedy and lawless figure who had manipulated the books to inflate his company’s stock price. The trial was… …, who had used Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 241 “smoke and mirrors” to create riches that honest and hard-working businessmen could… …, Horie was accused of falsifying the company’s accounts. The alleged fraud centred on Livedoor’s group financial statements for the business year ending… …Accounting Fraud in Asian Companies 242 hours for three months because of capacity problems. The TSE announced to put Livedoor on monitoring status, and… …. In March 2007, following a six-month trial which gripped Corporate Japan, Horie was found guilty of fraud and sentenced to two years and six months in… …statements, the Livedoor affair is “pretty small beer”, said another observer. The trial was political retaliation for Horie’s challeng- Accounting Fraud… …College Dropout Turned Internet Tycoon, The New York Times, January 18, 2006 Livedoor founder arrested for fraud as delisting beckons, The Independent… …, January 24, 2006 Livedoor fraud made 6 billion yen: sources, The Japan Times, February 24, 2006 A fall from grace, www.accaglobal.com/publications, June 1… …, 2006 An accountability gap is holding back Japan’s economy, Financial Times, March 14, 2007 Japan’s Horie faces verdict in Livedoor fraud case…

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  Chapter 4: Conclusion and Outlook

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …to frequent events, and that there is no scandal arising from infrequent but morally acceptable events. The cases of accounting fraud described in… …led away in handcuffs under indictment for fraud was shocking indeed, and society was outraged at the criminal acts. Most of the scandals occurred… …characterized the scenario in Europe and in Asia, showing that probably no corporate governance system in the world is able to prevent accounting fraud… …. Unfortunately, fraud will continue to hit the headlines of newspapers as well as the bottom lines of companies. Despite the best efforts of those who are respon-… …sible for fighting fraud, one inevitable reality remains: “fraud happens”. It is a given that economic crime will always be with us. Eliminating fraud is… …probability, the malfeasance is detected. Other factors contributing to accounting fraud may include unrealistic performance standards that fail to take into… …course, unethical individuals. According to Michael R. Young, a well-known American fraud and litigation ex- pert, the principal characteristics of… …accounting fraud can be summarized as follows (see Young 2004, pp. 11–13): 1. It generally doesn’t origin from conscious dishonesty. It doesn’t start… …fraud starts with little alterations of results (typically in the form of borrowing from future quarters). It doesn’t start with a grand plan or… …. 5. The fraud grows over time. As the fraud grows deeper, the perpetrators end up taking positions that are truly indefensible and clearly violate…

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  Case 5: Phar-Mor (1992)

  Prof. Dr. Klaus Henselmann, Dr. Stefan Hofmann

  …Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 46 Case 5: Phar-Mor (1992) In 1982, Michael “Mickey” Monus and a friend, David Shapira, visited a “deep… …growing businesses in the U.S. had been committing massive accounting fraud. Investigators eventually determined that from at least 1987 through 1992… …un- covered the fraud. Phar-Mor’s board of directors insisted that it was plenty active, but fully deceived until it got a tip in late July 1992. Monus… …day, a travel agent who Accounting Fraud in U.S. Companies 47 booked flights for league players received a USD 75,000 check for WBL expenses… …activities and helped to expose an intricate accounting fraud. The fraud was carefully carried out over several years by persons at different organ-… …collusive management fraud was almost inconceivable. The perpetrators made phony journal entries to increase inventory and decrease cost of sales… …, recognized inventory pur- chases but failed to accrue a liability, and double-counted merchandise. Members of the fraud team later indicated that one reason… …the fraud was not detected by the auditors was because Phar-Mor executives knew exactly what the auditors would be looking for. They made sure that… …informed Phar-Mor in advance which stores they would visit. The Phar-Mor fraud team stocked the four selected stores correctly, and allocated the phony… …“Cookies”. The fraud team used these entries to inflate inventory and earnings. As it would not have been practical to carefully scan all the packets, the…

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